The Nike shoe company

AS known to all, international relations between commercial organizations is one of today’s strongest trends in business industries. The truth is that every single organization, whether small or large scale, is considerably involved in reaching the goal of being globally known through international trade. Just what is meant by the terms international trade, international relations, and international strategy; and how are they particularly related to each other?   These questions shall be given answer through the discussion that follows through. Business entrepreneurs around the world all have a common goal, to influence a larger scale of market who would appreciate their products and services thus giving them the opportunity of increasing their revenues and strengthening their chances of increasing their profitable gains as well. This is the primary reason why it is an essential for entrepreneurs of the present-day business organizations to discuss to their employees the different aspects of international relations that particularly affects the major operations of the business that equips it with the necessary strength that it needs for further organizational growth in the future. The possibilities of both increasing the competence of the business in the field and making the aims of progress more efficient in becoming factual and practical for the organization to take. This is perfectly the same with the situational goals of Nike with regards their global relations. THE Company: A Brief Description Nike Shoe Company, Nike inclusive is a company that basically indulges in the designing, developing and international marketing of quality apparel, equipment, footwear, and accessory products. The company started trading actively in sportswear back in the year 1999. The footwear is precisely designed and manufactured for athletic use. A large portion of Nike's products is however used for leisure and casual purposes. Nike inclusive operates it own subsidiaries for manufacturing and the distribution of sports apparel. The main competitors of this company are Adidas, Reebok among others. Describe the market structure within which the company operates and the pricing strategies adopted by the company Nike operate in a very competitive field of business. For some reasons, the said industry of sport shoe production and distribution has already weakened through the years of operation. For this reason, companies hosting the said situation actually tried to access different procedures of marketing their products and their services to the society. The seasoned process of the appreciation that consumers have towards the said products actually makes it possible for the production activities of the said materials to fluctuate. (Porter 1985) The selling price adopted by a company for its products directly affects the profitability and eventually the viability of the company. This area usually receives a lot of attention from Nike's management. To ensure the viability of the company products in the market and rise above its competitors, Nike uses the following pricing strategies, (Thompson, and Strickland, 2001). Setting rather than managing prices; The brand manager adopts a reactive approach in making pricing decisions rather than a proactive approach. This means that the setting of prices at Nike inclusive depends on the prices adopted by competitors and the sales figures that Nike has. Avoidance of customer value when pricing; It is not always accurate to predict the value that a customer has towards a given product. It is also not possible to quantify the value that the products give to customers. For this reason, Nike avoids the use of customer value when making pricing decisions. Although consumers may not buy a product whose price is higher than the satisfaction derived from the product , they will at all times purchase a product that has a price lower than its perceived satisfaction. By avoiding this approach, Nike keeps off under pricing its products in order to maintain the brand equity and customer loyalty, (Porter, 1985). Establishing customer value for products; the brand managers at Nike inclusive rigorously engage in attempts to know the value that customers have for their brands. This is undertaken by carrying out detailed interviews with the customers on Nike's brands. Through this process, the organization is able to comprehend better with the needs and the demands of the people, their clients, who are the primary target of the changes that the organization particularly want to work on. The precise information obtained is used by brand managers to establish a basis for the pricing decisions in the company. Such information is reliable in developing an effective pricing strategy that is proactive. (McGahan, 2004). The changing Global Economy Nike is keen on the changing global economy and has been seeking competitive advantage over its rivals. Several changes have taken place in the shoe industry and this has been greatly beneficial to the industry. These changes are; (Hunger, and Wheelen, 2003). Rapid growth in footwear production Manufacturers today must have flexible designs and high output. There is a massive increase in shoe designs increasing competition and volatility in the market. High innovation and quality designs are a must for success. . Producers have to be protective of their information and manufacturing technology. One of the main reasons for the success in seeking competitive advantage in the changing global economy is flexibility. Nike has at all times remained flexible in the changing market by subcontracting to international countries that have low cost of labor. Secondly, Nike highly focuses on differentiating of its products. Rather than dealing in one line of a product, the company has diversified and differentiated the products it offers to the market. For instance, Nike began as small company that distributes sport shoes, however, as time passed, the developments began to grow thus giving the company a better reputation in the industry. Today, Nike is known in the industry as it produces and sells a variety of products ranging from equipment, clothing all the way to even offering accessories. This differentiation has enabled Nike to successfully obtain and gain loyalty from buyers on its brand. Certainly, register an increase in sales command a fine price for all the company products. Conclusion From the SWOT analysis featured within this paper, the different elements needed to be considered by Nike to face the global business competition has been carefully presented (Bakan, 2004, 66). From the said assessments, it could be observed that there is huge attention needed to be placed on the situation of the organization when it comes to cost alignment of both expenses as a balancing matter with that of the revenues gained by the company in an annual procedure. (Egan, 1998, 11) Aside from financing, the process of marketing and product shifting should also be given clear attention as it also gives a fine description and certainty with regards the situation that the organization would likely face within the global picture of the international trade. The issue of globalization offers both threats and the opportunities to the current human generation. Undeniably, the said progression of industrialization that affects the entire global operations of the trading industries bring an impact on how local business organizations work towards the dreams and goals that they have particularly set for themselves to reach (Goldman, 1999, 10). The consequences through in being involved in the said revolution of business systems in the society today involves the adjustments that organizations must take risk of to be able to jump into the bandwagon of international progress. True, international business industries offer a larger market. The involvement of Internet and modern communication applications today within the systems of business connections worldwide has even made the said international commercial invasion a faster process of progress for entrepreneurial beginners in the said field. Understandably, to be able to gain progress, the risks and the opportunities should be grabbed by each individual business organization for the sake of part taking in the process of globalization of industries today. References Joel Bakan (2004). The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power. London: Constable. Egan, Timothy.(1998). â€Å"The swoon of the swoosh†. New York Times Magazine. J. B. Strasser. (2003). Swoosh: Unauthorized Story of Nike and the Men Who Played There, The (Paperback). Collins Publishers. Robert Goldman. (1999). Nike Culture: The Sign of the Swoosh (Cultural Icons series). Sage Publications. Grant, R.M. (2005) Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford (U.K.) Hunger, J. and Wheelen, T (2003) Essentials of Strategic Management. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. McGahan, A. (2004) How Industries Evolve – Principles for Achieving and Sustaining Superior Performance. Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Porter, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage. The Free Press: New York. Thompson, A. and Strickland, J (2001) Crafting and Implementing Strategy. Irwin McGraw-Hill.

My grandfather

Few events impact the lives of humans as war.   The United States found itself in many wars during the twentieth century, in every corner of the world.   The common trait throughout all these wars was that they were fought by young men, many of whom had little political education or any idea why they were fighting.   My grandfather, Francisco Martin, was one of these young men, as he fought in the Korean War.   Through the violence and the confusion, he survived to create a family and life of peace, though the memories of the war always stayed with him. My grandfather was born in Puerto Rico in 1930, and was still a young man when the Korean War broke out.   As a twenty-year-old college student at the University of Puerto Rico, Francisco knew very little about Korea, save for what he learned in history class.   After World War II, in a 1945 agreement reached by the allies at the Potsdam Conference, Korea was divided along the 38th Parallel into North and South Korea.   It was an early indicator of what would become the Cold War, as the communist Soviet Union would occupy North Korea and South Korea would be occupied by the democratic U.S. forces. However, only five short years later, on June 25, 1950, North Korean communist forces launched a massive surprise attack on South Korea quickly overrunning the capital.   U.S. Intervention was ordered on June 27 by President Harry S. Truman on the same day the U.N. invoked military sanctions against North Korea.[1]   As a citizen of Puerto Rico, my grandfather was also a citizen of the United States, and his dual citizenship in each country would prove desirable to the armed forces, as well as his college experience.   Less than a year later, young Francisco would put his studies on the shelf when his country called. As a student at the University of Puerto Rico, my grandfather had some experience in the R.O.T.C., and he could also speak Spanish and English, so his qualifications for the military were more than adequate for what the military needed and he was inducted on October 5, 1951.   For young Pvt. Martin, adjusting to life in the military was no easy task: â€Å"It was difficult.   The transition from being a University student, to being a trainee preparing to go to war was not easy.   It was a drastic change in mentality and attitudes. After all, it was sort of ‘brain storming’ in order to prepare the soldier to go to possible ‘combat areas’ as was called.†[2]   After four months of basic training in San Juan and Salinas, Puerto Rico, Pvt. Martin found out that he would be going to South Korea, which came as no big surprise.   However, finally hearing about his destination filled him with fear and trepidation, and he worried about what would come next.   While his commanding officers repeated that it was their duty to serve and go to Korea, this did little to quell his fears. My grandfather’s unit left Puerto Rico in April of 1952; at the time he was twenty-one years old and celebrated his twenty-second birthday on the way past Honolulu, Hawaii.   He describes the long journey by boat to South Korea as being difficult, uncomfortable, and lacking enough fresh water for the troops.   â€Å"We showered with salt water†¦ It was awful†¦ We spent approximately one month on board. We passed Hawaii and reached Japan; it was civilization at last!†[3]   The experience of Japan after the long journey was a welcome relief.   In particular, Tokyo proved to be an eye-opening experience for the young Puerto Rican American soldier, and made life off the ship that much more enjoyable:   â€Å"Nice food, big city†¦Ã‚   No more rotten eggs for breakfast as in the ship. No more seawater for bathing.   No more nasty odors and boring hours.†[4]   After being initially assigned by to be a translator because of his ability to speak Spanish and English, he was slowly beginning to adjust to life in the army, of course helped by being in the big, fast city of Tokyo.   However, before too long, he and his unit were finally shipped to South Korea to continue their duty and fight the communists of the North. My grandfather left Tokyo by train, leaving behind the many creature comforts of life in the big city, such as hot food and comfortable beds.   Back on the old, uncomfortable train he was forced to sleep on the floor with the rest of the men, or on the hard, wooden seats.   The only food they had for the trip was canned rations of spaghetti and meatballs, and once again life in the military seemed harsh and monotonous.   After the long train ride and a short ferry ride, they were finally on the mainland of Asia and in South Korea. When arriving in Pusan in the summer of 1952, it became immediately clear to all the soldiers that they were in a war zone: â€Å"On our arrival to Pusan, we could here the guns from far away.†[5]   There was no mistaking that there lives were now at stake, and the uncomfortable boats and the trip to South Korea did not look so bad. My grandfather remembers vividly his early days in South Korea: â€Å"I was assigned to the Second Division.   This army division arrived to Korea in 1950.   In 1951, the 9th Infantry regiment played an important role in the offense and defense in Korea.   I was there.†[6]   He recalls the large military presence and the continuous movement of trucks, tanks, and troops coming and going. He also remembers the differences in the attitudes of the soldiers, which depended highly on which direction they were heading: â€Å"Soldiers were leaving Korea and heading to Tokyo in their way back home (from U.S.A Puerto Rico, Colombia, and other countries in South America).   We (the incoming troops) were sad.   But they (the ones leaving) were very, very happy; it is understandable that after fourteen months in the combat zone.†[7]   Pvt. Martin prepared himself for the idea of spending the next fourteen in the combat zone, but failed to realize at first that the main feelings would be of alienation. After going through the long journey to get to South Korea, my grandfather found himself deep in a learning experience upon arrival, with little companionship from any fellow Spanish-speaking soldiers: â€Å"I went through a learning period.   Everything was new for me; nobody spoke Spanish. It was a harsh process of adaptation because everything was uncertain.†[8]   In addition to the hard adjustment of life in a combat zone, he was also met with repeated stories of the violence that took place not far from his post, which filled him with even more anxiety: â€Å"I was fearful after listening to all the stories of the battles, the misery, and violence.   Everybody around me was very pessimistic.   I was sure that I was not going to make it.†[9] The young soldier would hear stories of the biggest battles while in South Korea, including â€Å"Bloody Ridge,† which was the name given to the twelve-day siege waged by the men of the 9th Infantry regiment against a communist held hill in the fall of 1952.   Because of security reasons, the military publication Stars and Stripes would not disclose the exact location of the bloody battle, and soldiers in my grandfather’s regiment were left to wonder just how far away the violence raged. He would even hear stories about his fellow Puerto Rican soldiers fighting and dying in the battle of Kelly Hill, which also occurred in the fall of 1952, making him realizing the deadly cost of the war: â€Å"The Puerto Rican regiment (the 65th infantry regiment) participated in ‘Kelly Hill Battle’ that happened in the fall of 1952.   Half of the 743 Puerto Rican soldiers that died in the war, died in this battle.†[10]   But, as with so many soldiers and civilians caught in combat zones, it was only the faith in his God that gave him the strength to ignore his fear and do his duty.   My grandfather credits this for returning home and proclaims, â€Å"My faith was the only thing that kept me alive.†[11] As a soldier, Pvt. Martin served in the 9th Infantry regiment for around a year, moving to and from many different locations throughout South Korea.   Despite his close proximity to the frontlines, he was fortunate enough to avoid all major combat events.   Though he knew that his fellow soldiers were fighting and dying, he did his duty as assigned, not matter how fearful he was or how dangerous the duty seemed: â€Å"I did not fight a person-to-person combat or patrols.   But I stood for guard many times.   I remember guarding from 12:00am until 4:00am in a wet, cold and scary dangerous forest. Nights were horrible.   There were constant bombings but we had to get used to them and pray for our lives.† [12] One time on guard duty, he suffered the lowest moment of his time in Korea: â€Å"While supervising guards and moving the soldiers to different posts, one of my legs suffered frostbite.   I was hospitalized for a period of time and received treatment.   Once I was cured, I was sent back to the frontlines.   In that period, I was serving in a technical capacity.   I was part of a special unit called I.R.I.   That unit was in charge of distributing tools and explosives to those soldiers assigned to difficult missions as mine finding.†[13]   Once again, it was his religious faith that helped get him through the most difficult times of the war. Though my grandfather did not experience any serious combat while in South Korea, the threat of combat was always present.   When coupled with the often monotonous life of being a soldier, and the extremely hot and wet summers and extremely frigid winters, the days and nights could drag on and become terribly lonely and fearful times.   The only things that usually made this go away were the letters and news from back home: â€Å"Receiving letters was very important. Receiving mail from the family and friend brought me happiness and strength.†Ã‚   This was especially true of the letters from his young wife:   â€Å"Ana’s letters were well received and expected.   She was very consistent in writing and that helped me a lot.†Ã‚   In addition to letters from loved ones, the soldiers were sometimes offered breaks from constant life on the frontlines. Trips to Japan for rest and recuperation offered soldiers a welcome break from soldier life, and according to my grandfather: â€Å"I spent a week in a city called Sasebo Kokura.   It was nice, good food, movies, and trips to the city, dancing in the fort, rest, and sleep.   But after a period of â€Å"relaxation and distraction† I was sent back to Korea, but this time by plane.†[14] Even away from the war zone, terrible things can occur, and the plane ride back from Japan would stay with my grandfather for the rest of his life:   â€Å"The flight was dangerous, the plane had no seats.   I was standing strapped to the wall.   It was a horrible and traumatic experience.   Today I suffered of ‘flight fear syndrome.’   I still have flashbacks of that moment.†[15]   However, with his strong faith and fortune to avoid serious combat while there, he avoided many of the pitfalls that claimed other soldiers such as depression, alcoholism, and mental illness. There were also some good times in South Korea, which my grandfather recalled fondly, especially Christmas of 1952.   The Army threw a large Christmas party complete with treats and Christmas dinner:   â€Å"There was ice cream, turkey, fruitcake, juice, and candy†¦ It felt like home.   I went to mass, we received letters, and I even received food from home!   I still remember that day; we had a Christmas tree and everything that goes with it.†Ã‚   [16] What made the holiday even better for the young soldier is that it would not be long that he would be able to leave South Korea.   He recalled: â€Å"By that time, there were three or four more moths to go — we were ready to rotate–other troops would replace us.†[17] However, he still had a few more months to go and realized that anything could happen, as the stories of battles and casualties continued to pour in.   But, he could not get around the fact that he was so close to the end of his time in South Korea.   Around March of 1953, Pvt. Martin received news that his time in Korea was up.   As he lived in a bunker at the time and news was delivered by a messenger, he remembers when a messenger came to his quarters and stated: â€Å"You, F. Martin, are leaving Korea. You are heading to Tokyo (back to Seoul and the Tokyo).  Ã‚   A modern ship will take you back to the U.S specifically to Seattle, Washington.†[18]  Ã‚   And, after fourteen months in the combat zone, his time was up and he could leave with the satisfaction that he served his country and did his duty.  Ã‚   He transferred to the U.S. Army Reserve on June 23, 1953, and finally finished his military service with an honorable discharge on October 6, 1959, after a full eight years in service. After his experience in Korea, my grandfather took with him many lessons learned about life and war.   His view of the war is that there were no clear winners.   Tens of thousands of Americans died, along with countless more Koreans, Chinese, and Russians.   However, he cannot help but feel that some progress was made concerning the state of South Korea:   â€Å"South Korea obviously gained†¦ Today it is a prosperous, well-developed nation, technologically advances and democratic.†[19] But, he also acknowledges that the conflict itself failed to succeed in its greater goals: â€Å"On the other hand, that place is a divided nation! North and South are divided! Families separated! North Korea today is in bad shape; hunger, famine, no democracy at all.†[20]   Though my grandfather did his duty, he does not claim to be a politician or have answers to the most complex political questions facing humanity. He prefers to be a kind, decent man that loves his family and tries to impart his simple wisdom whenever possible.   Though many memories of Korea stay with him, he considers himself fortunate to be able to share his wisdom and experiences with his children and grandchildren, and is proud to be both Puerto Rican, and a citizen of the United States. Bibliography Martin, Francisco. Interview by author.   Written notes.  Location, date month year. [1] Francisco Martin. Interview by author.   Written notes.  Location, date month year. [2] Ibid. [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid. [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid. [7] Ibid. [8] Ibid. [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid. [12] Ibid. [13] Ibid. [14] Ibid. [15] Ibid. [16] Ibid. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] Ibid. [20] Ibid.

Strategic Marketing Management of Nintendo Assignment

Strategic Marketing Management of Nintendo - Assignment Example Furthermore, members of this club have access to limited edition products that are not available to non members. Finally, the company sells video games that are segmented by games for Nintendo Wii, Wii U, DS and 3DS. Although majority of the games are sold through retailers, some are available for download on the company’s e-shop website. Current market/s including customer behavior issues, demand and trends The company uses differentiated positioning for its offerings. While the company has historically targeted the segment of gamers, it has recently shifted its attention to incorporate non-gamers. This segment comprises of families, women as well as individuals who are ‘not’ hard-core gamers. In other words, Nintendo now targets individuals who want quick-fix gaming solutions in addition to serious gamers (MaRS, 2012). This has been matched by a shift in the company’s value proposition which has evolved from the delivery of intensely realistic gaming expe riences to providing fun-filled family entertainment. The company soon realized the changing customer demographics and saw a large potential in the market for women and pensioners. As of 2010, Wii was presented by 90% of primary console female players (ESRB, 2010). Overall, women account for 40% of video game players (ESRB, 2010). This has opened up new markets for Nintendo, thereby reducing reliance on the market for hard-core gamers which has become highly competitive. While price and performance plays a key role in determining customer response to the company’s products, emotional attachment to the product is just as important in order to capture customer value. Furthermore, the company’s use... The researcher of this essay focuses on the analysis of the current business products and product lines that the Nintendo uses to gain benefits today. Nintendo seems to have used the latter with majority of its products carrying the â€Å"Nintendo† label. The product lines include the Nintendo Wii U, Wii, Nintendo 3DS as well as services such as Club Nintendo and Video Games. The Nintendo Wii comprises is a hardware – game box that is motion controlled and allows users to play games on it. The researcher presents tdifferent products of the company and states that the company also sells video games, that are segmented by games for Nintendo Wii, Wii U, DS and 3DS. Although majority of the games are sold through retailers, some are available for download on the company’s e-shop website. Current markets including customer behavior issues, demand and trends are later discussed in the essay. The researcher also describes how the Nintendo company uses differentiated pos itioning for its offerings, where price and performance plays a key role in determining customer response. Nintendo outsources its production, that is, it makes limited term contracts with various companies that manufacture its products in their factories. This is because the company had initiated a blue ocean strategy whereby it attempted at broadening its customer base. The researcher then concluds that Nintendo can capitalize on its core competency of being the pioneer in the video gaming industry - a competency which is both valuable and rare.

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Ethical, Moral and Social Issues in Forensic Computing-(Identity cards) - Essay Example The forensic investigative procedure is explained with the help of a case study. Then, social, ethical and moral issues regarding identity theft have been discussed both from the user’s and the investigator’s side. The report is summarized in a concluding paragraph. APA referencing has been used properly. Before going into the niceties of ethical, moral and social issues vis-à  -vis identity theft in forensic computing, let’s first get introduced to what forensic computing actually is and what is identity theft. Computer forensics or cyber forensics is a very imperative topic in information systems and networks management. Forensics is the structured procedure of gathering, examining and showing facts and evidences to the court of law, and thus, forensic computing is defined as â€Å"the discipline that combines elements of law and computer science to collect and analyze data from computer systems, networks, wireless communications, and storage devices in a way that is admissible as evidence in a court of law† (US-CERT 2008). This involves the seeking, locating and securing the electronic data so as to provide evidence. This electronic or magnetically encoded data may include text messages, databases, pictures, e-mail, websites, spyware, malware, and so on. The evidence collected is strong and indisputable as compared to any other branch of forensic science because a copy that is made of the collected data is identical to the actual data and there is no room left for dispute. The who le concept revolves around the idea that a structured investigation is carried out to find out what exactly happened to the computer, when it happened, how it happened, and who did it. This is just like solving a murder case and performing postmortem. The operator does not know that the evidence information is transparently being created and stored by the computer’s operating system which can only be extracted through computer forensics software tools and

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Aviation Research Paper - Scholarship Essay Example Hence, patents are related with invention, trademarks relate to distinguish a company or good fro others and copyright is related to the originality and artistic creativity. All these forms are protected by specific laws. There are certain factors that a company has to consider for protecting its inventions doing business in multiple countries. These factors can be categorized by marketing factors and the legal factors. While considering the marketing factors, the company has to determine if it is better to diffuse the technology so the product rises to the position of dominance or to protect the invention so the competitors may not be able to copy it. At the legal front, the company has to consider the possibilities of real protection given by the host country. Every country has its own means and methods to protect the intentions. Thus, if the company find it difficult to protect the invention, it may consider relying on trade secrets instead. There are two distinct reasons why a company should consider protecting the product through trade secret laws instead of patent and copyrights. First, the company has to adopt the trade secret policy when the formula is not patentable. Second, the company should prefer trade secret when it finds it appropriate to expose the product to the public without apprehension of loosing the underlying technology to the competitors. Cloni Q # 4. Cloning is the form of imitating an invention or product which successfully utilizes the technology without violating the copyright, patents, trade secret and/or the trademarks legality. The example of Compaq imitating IBM's BIOS is a vivid illustration how a company skilfully imitate a technology and still no legal action can be taken against it. Q # 5. Microsoft Windows operating system is an example that lies on the continuum of wholly proprietary system. Q # 6. There are many factors that influenced Microsoft to adopt the wholly proprietary system. First, Microsoft wants to monopolize the market as it is the main controller of the software market. Second, there are numerous software companies producing their software running on different operating systems. Thus, if Microsoft decides for the wholly open system there is very likelihood that other software companies would develop modify the operating system to suit their own software. Chapter Ten Q. # 1 There are certain advantages of large companies over the small ones. The biggest difference between large and small companies is there budget and financial resources that allow the large companies to invest heavily for engaging their scientists and researchers for further innovations. Apart from financial resources, the human resources also contribute significantly for the success of large companies. Thus, the large companies can outperform small companies due to their extended resources. On the other hand, small companies also have some advantages over the large ones. Most importantly, they can concentrate more on their limited resources to achieve instant results of their research. Further, there is limited bureaucratic hindrances that undermine the efforts of large firms. Q # 2: Formalization can help the organization to facilitate and streamline their administrative works so the workers and customers can interact effectively and the organization work is carried out smoothly. Formalization also reduces the burden of too many

The Causes and Consequences of a Currency Crisis Essay

The Causes and Consequences of a Currency Crisis - Essay Example This creates inflation and a current account deficit, which may lead investors to doubt the exchange rate peg. Speculators eventually mount an attack--that is, they demand foreign reserves in exchange for the domestic currency. To defend the peg, the monetary authorities sell off foreign exchange reserves. When the reserves fall to a certain point, the government is faced with a choice: should it break its external promise (to keep the exchange rate fixed) or keep its internal political constituents happy (by not raising taxes or cutting spending) Governments usually choose internal objectives over external constraints; that is, there is a currency crisis. A model like this works well in helping to understand the breakdown of inflationary economies, like Russia in 1998. But such models don't help understand recent crises in Asia. Most Asian countries had admirable monetary and fiscal policies that were viewed as being sustainable. The second model views currency crises as shifts between different monetary policy equilibria; here speculative attacks can be self-fulfilling even against countries with sound policies. In these models, market speculators initiate attacks based on their beliefs about the willingness of policymakers to resist pressure on the exchange rate. When markets perceive that conditions, such as high unemployment or a weak banking system, compromise the central bank's willingness to defend the currency peg by raising interest rates, speculative attacks are more likely to succeed. When a country faces a currency crisis, other countries are affected mainly because of international trade. Thailand faced a financial crisis which led to Malaysia and Indonesia's currency situation as these countries were Thailand's main trade competitors. Hence, trade is regional so currency crises are regional. Recessions are associated with currency crises and Last Name 3 lead to a fall in imports. Trade flows are disrupted as one country's imports fall causes another country's exports to decrease. Once trade flows are disrupted, major issues occur as free trade is a wonderful thing. There are many models that attempt to explain the phenomenon of how a financial crisis is formed. Chang and Velasco (1998) suggest a useful model should consist of the following features, "It must not rely on government misbehavior to generate the crisisIt must be general enough to accommodate a wide variety of macroeconomic circumstancesIt must be specific enough to explain why in some of these macroeconomic scenarios a crisis occurs, and in some it does notIt must account for the high observed correlation between exchange rate collapses and banking crisesIt must replicate the puzzling fact that the punishment is much larger than the crime" The transferring of information in international financial markets can cause most of the information to become trapped. Minute changes in information can cause incredible behaviour by international investors. During a currency crisis, governments tend to expropriate foreign funds in an attempt to raise funds. (Chari and Kehoe, 1997). Their model implies that only governments with weak reputations are subject to volatile capital flows. Thailand faced incredible external (foreign) debts. As its debts increased, creditors wondered if it could meet its obligations. Hence, supply

The Scientific Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Scientific Method - Essay Example The message seemed to shift from â€Å"don’t drink alcohol† to â€Å"if you drink, drink in moderation†. More scientific study actually found that consuming some sorts of alcohol in moderation, such as one glass of wine per day, actually had healthy benefits for the heart. Now the message changed to â€Å"drinking certain types of alcohol in moderation can actually be good for you.† The most recent studies seem to now indicate that the consumption of alcohol is irrelevant to good heart health. The grapes provide the real benefit, not the alcohol; so drinking a small amount of grape juice can render the same beneficial effects as a glass of wine. These ever-changing messages we get about the consumption of alcohol and how it relates to human health is a good example of what science can and can not do. Following the scientific method is a great way to systematically answer scientific questions. But Science cannot provide the whole picture just from one exper iment. Multiple researchers and experiments need to be conducted to constantly add to our body of knowledge. Eventually, some things may become accepted as proof of one concept or another, but using the scientific method is no guarantee that causality or truth can be established.

Types of ownership Essay Example for Free

Types of ownership Essay My business will be a sole proprietorship because I will be in charge of the business but I would need to employ people to help me run the business. As I decide what happens to the profits I would pay for wages and then spend the rest on repairs and debts until I had paid off the necessary debts and loans. I have chosen a sole proprietorship because I get to be my own boss and if I am deciding what happens to the profit I know it will be spent in connection with the business . The disadvantages wont affect me because I have employed people t work for me therefore I wont have to work long hours . All skateparks around the uk are unincorporated because people ride skateparks at their own risk so if they injure themselves it is there own fault. The only way I could get prosecuted is if they are injured due to bad maintenance of the park i. e. somebody hurting themselves on a nail sticking out of a ramp. Cash flow is important because if you have a poor cash flow your business goes bankrupt. A cash flow forecast enables you to see how much money is coming into the business and how much is coming in and how much money is going out. If to much money is going out and not enough is coming in you can use the spreadsheet to see what needs to be changed. If you have a poor cash flow there is a lack of working capital. This can result in a lot of other problems like staff not getting paid on time and if loans arent repaid firms may take legal action against this and reposes things making the business unable to sell products. I would not have good facilities for anybody under the age of 12 with no great understanding of the sports or ability to do the sport

Electronic Signatures Essay Example for Free

Electronic Signatures Essay As compared to paper based signatures there is an increased dependability on electronic signatures for an increased protection of documents and patient records in healthcare facilities. Thereby this paper will discuss an importance of electronic signatures in addition to the advantages that they have in order to be implemented in healthcare, business and e-commerce. Introduction Signature is more known as a script that has been designed by an individual and is associated with that very individual. Signatures in some cases have been associated with seals used for protection. In general, signatures are an evidence of the fact that all intentions made in a certain document have been approved by the individual signing it. Purposes of signatures are the same as that of normal and usual signatures as all intentions made in an electronic document are approved by an individual who undersigns a document with an electronic signature (Brazell, 2004, p. 23). Many definitions have been given in relation to the electronic signature. All in all these definitions highlight the fact that as compared to hand written signatures, electronic signatures are more protective and sealed thereby there is an increased reliability associated with electronic signatures. Defining Electronic Signatures First definition that needs a mention here is given by US Code. It defines an electronic signature as an electronic sound, or a symbol that represents documents in a unique way as these symbols are associated with these documents in a legal manner. According to this definition symbols are adopted and chosen by an individual who wishes to sign, seal and protect a document thereby making sure that all intentions are accepted by that very individual. The US code argues that the signatures can be embedded in transmissions of electronic documents observed during transmission of facsimiles. The electronic signature can also take the form of Morse code in case of electronic message transmission as the signs are embedded inside the message. Realizing an importance of the protective and sealing protection offered by electronic signatures, there is an increased use of encrypted electronic messages in fields that are more sensitive about integrity of documents thereby e-commerce, healthcare, government office are observed to frequently adopt the technology of electronic signatures (Schellekens, 2004, p. 56). Legal standing of these electronic signatures has been well established thereby the laws of EU and US recognize electronic signatures holding the same legal importance as ordinary signatures on documents. Legal issues and consequences that are associated with electronic signatures are same as normal and usual signatures. Historical Perspective of Electronic Signatures Electronic signatures have been known to exist since before the American Civil War. Electronic signatures date back to 1860s when electronically encrypted messages were being used by the help of Morse codes in telegraphy. Telegraphy in those days was used to send messages that were more secret and in agreements to terms that were presented in certain kinds of enforceable contracts. Legal standing of these electronic messages dates back to 1869 when an importance of these telegraphically encrypted documents was enforced by the New Hampshire Supreme Court (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, 2002, p. 78). In order to ensure protection, and time sensitive delivery of protected documents to safer places, in 1980s, many organizations started working on electronic signatures in order to encrypt documents. For encrypting highly sensitive documents, fax machines were used. Nevertheless in this case it has been seen that although original signatures used to be on the paper, but images of signatures and transmission used to be in an electronic format thereby ensuring increased protection. Recently it has been seen that various legal interventions have been made in order to enhance protection offered by electronic signatures. It has been added by the US courts that documents that can be protected and sealed by electronic signatures can include emails, PIN codes that are used for ATM transactions in banks, credit or debit sllip that needs to be protected by signing it with a digital pen pad device, installing kinds of software that comes with a clickwrap software license agreement along with documents that are often signed online that need enhanced protection. It has been recorded that the first document signed in an electronic way was between two sovereign nations, United States and Ireland in a communique that jointly recognized an importance of electronic signatures in trading and e-commerce (Katsikas, Lopez, and Pernul, 2005, p. 78). Enforcing Electronic Signatures United States has defined electronic signatures in legal ways and a set of requirements have been set that help in qualifying an electronic signatures as authentic. These requirements and qualifications of electronic signatures were designed by National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) in 1999 when this US based government organization released Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA). UETA has defined electronic signatures as electronic symbols that are associated with a certain document in relation to which all intention have been accepted by the individual who owns and signs the particular document. There are many laws that echo core concepts of electronic signatures and these are also observed to be the same in U. S. ESign Act that was presented and implemented in the year of 2000. Many states in United States have been working on the laws and jurisdiction in relation to the electronic signatures and more than 47 states in United States along with the District of Columbia, and the US Virgin Islands have enacted and have been using UETA in an active manner. Only three states as New York, Illinois and Washington have not enacted UETA. New York has designed its own rule that recognizes electronic signatures as legal and the law that represents these signatures is Electronic Signatures and Records Act (ESRA) (Boss, and Kilian, 2008, p. 67). Other countries that have started assigning legal values to electronic signatures include Canada. The definition of electronic signatures given by Canadian legal authorities is generic and different from the one given by the US authorities. Generic definition of signature given by the Canadian Department Of Justice says that an electronic signature contains a chain of letters, symbols, and numbers encrypted in a digital format associated with a certain electronic document that belongs to an individual or a certain organization (Snijders, and Weatherill, 2003, p. 45). After this Canadian Department Of Justice has defined an electronic signature by arguing that electronic signature in contrast to normal signatures possess some distinct properties that define these signatures. Canadian law that talks about the digital signatures in accordance to the protection of electronic documents is PIPEDA. PIPEDAs secure electronic signature regulations argue that electronic signatures are those that are designed, applied and verified in a specific manner. European Union has also given its rules and regulations in accordance to the use of electronic signatures in document protection systems. These laws have been published in the EC Official Journal. These laws are referred to as the Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council while officially these are more often referred as the EU Directive on Electronic Signatures or the EU Electronic Signatures Directive. These were published on 13th December 1999 (Adams, and Lloyd, 2003, p. 78). Maintaining Legal Nature of Electronic Signatures Various laws and jurisdictions have been defined that help e-commerce and trade to incorporate the advantages of electronic signatures in daily business deals that can help in increased document protection. It has been realized that at a local and an international level there is a need to incorporate certain document protection systems that can help in easy working and trustworthy document sharing within different parties. 1. Definitions of PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act) An electronic signature can be defined as being safe when a. It is unique to an individual b. Technology that is being used in order to generate signatures are under the control and only being used by the person who creates the signature thereby adding to the level of uniqueness. c. The technology being used to create signatures should be able to represent an individual who has created the signatures. d. The electronic signatures are to be linked with an electronic document in various ways. One way that has been defined by Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act argues that the electronic document should be able to identify, by the help of electronic signatures associated with it, if any changes have been made to this document after signatures were associated with the document originally (Kehal, and Singh, 2005, p. 78). 2. The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act This law was passed by the US congress in relation to the electronic signatures and this law has defined and authorized the electronic signatures in three steps. a. The term ‘electronic’ in electronic signatures has been highlighted as something that possesses digital, symbolic, magnetic, wireless, electromagnetic, electric properties. b. Electronic record on the other hand has been defined as a document, contract that has been generated, created, shared, discussed, and sent by using electronic means. c. Electronic signatures have been defined by The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act as an electronic sound, symbol or a process that is legally and authoritatively associated with a document created by an individual holding rights to create, sign and decrypt the document in any manner thereby ‘patenting’ the document (Pathak, 2007, p. 34). Other similar definitions have been given by the following acts that relate to the use of electronic signatures. a. Government Paperwork Elimination Act, US b. Federal Reserve 12 CFR 202 c. UETA d. Commodity Futures Trading Commission 17 CFR Part 1 Sec. 1. 3. Creation of Electronic Signatures: Public Key Infrastructures (PKI) Importance of electronic signatures has been realized since long as it has been seen that these are more important in protecting the legal status of documents in a comparative manner. Thereby secure and much complex ways have been identified that can define electronic signatures in ways that ensure their legal status in order to protect records. Creation of electronic signatures depends on asymmetrical cryptographic method. This method ensures that the kinds of protection status being encrypted in the document are only approachable by the person who creates the signatures on the document. Thereby two kinds of keys are used in this case and these are referred to as public and private cryptographic keys. The theoretical fundamentals and practicalities of the asymmetric cryptographic key were laid down in 1976 (Doukidis, Mylonopoulos, and Pouloudi, 2004, p. 79). In accordance to the theory and recent ways that have been developed for electronically signing a document, a number is calculated that represents the length of a document and this number is referred to as the checksum of a particular document. This checksum is calculated by using a hash function. This is the case where a private key is used which is more representative of the person signing the document. Thereby signature is represented by private key which in the end is attached to a document. This private key is thereby a signature of the document. Role of Public Key Another key that plays an important role in this case is a public key. An important that is played by a public key is that the signature’s and relevant document can be checked by the public key. Public key as the name indicates is freely and easily available to any individual within the public. Decryption of the electronic key is performed by the help of an electronic signature. Integrity Check An integrity check is an important part of electronic signature allocation. It has been seen that integrity of a document can be checked by recalculating the checksum number that was allocated to the document originally. As was done during the calculation of checksum, the recalculation of checksum is also done with the help of hash functions. Integrity of the document can be validated if the checksums are identical ensuring that the integrity of the document is intact (Rice, and American Bar Association, Section of Litigation, 2005, p. 78). Role of Certificates Public keys and cryptographic keys are the most important part of the electronic signature creation thereby there is a need of a system that can authorize the genuine nature of these keys. Both of these keys are authorized by a certificate. Certificates are specially created electronic documents that associate and connect the public key with the key holder’s identification data that in this case has to be unique. On the other hand in order to provide increased protection it has been observed that to ensure increased protection, certificates are also electronically signed by the certification providers that are also authorized. All these links and methodologies designed to sign the documents make sure that document is signed, encrypted and decrypted by using the public key only by the person who has created the document. Certification service providers play important roles as Trusted Third Party offering services other than certificates for protection of electronic documents. Certification service providers are known to provide a set of directory services that are also related to electronic documents. These are the services that bring the protection provided by the electronic signatures a step ahead. Directory services provide additional measures by which the certificates can be checked for authentication time by time. Advantages of Electronic Signatures These days there is a need to exchange business in a fast manner that requires and demands exchange of information including documents in a secure manner. It has been realized that exchanging information on a regular basis is more secure in an electronic manner rather on paper. 1. Electronic information takes lesser time to travel as compared to the paper based information thereby there is no time wasted (Mann, Eckert, and Knight, 2000, p. 67). 2. The cost of electronic signature based documents is only needed in the beginning of this setup and there are no additional costs required after its implementation. 3. Because of the electronic nature of documents, there is lesser involvement of human beings other than the ones that are directly involved ensuring security in case of these documents. 4. Because of an electronic nature of these documents there is a lesser chance of interruption and interference in electronic documents that increasingly ensures the protection of these documents. In terms of protection it has been observed that electronic signature based documents are more secure and protected as compared to paper based signatures. 1. In this case it has been argued that the electronic signatures are not able to be copied as compared to the normal paper based signatures and electronic signatures are implemented on the complete document rather than the last page. 2. In this case it has been observed that as electronic signatures are implemented on whole document thereby there are no chances of any text being maliciously changed in any part of the document. 3. Time stamping is the proof of transmission time of the document thereby transmission dates can be cross checked in order to check the legal status of the document. 4. Additional restrictions can be imposed on the message content in electronically signed documents. It has been observed that with the consent of the document holder and creator, reader can read and verify the contents of the document (Katsikas, Lopez, and Pernul, 2005, p. 45). Other than these, additional advantages that are offered by the electronically signed documents include streamlining businesses and trade globally and on a local scale. Business chains are better connected when paper documents are removed having a much better control on business with the help of electronic documents. 1. Increased cost are associated with typing documents and sending these through courier and these costs are reduced in case of electronic documents that take lesser time to be emailed and fixed. 2. In case of signing the contracts an important issue used to deal with signing the contracts which is resolved by electronic signature based reinforce bale contracts that are signed anywhere. Electronic Signatures Usage in Medial Healthcare Records Healthcare in the modern days is recognized by an increase in the specialization of medical specialization. In order to ensure that patient care process is optimized there is an increased cooperation and data exchange between different healthcare institutions. Thereby it has been observed that in order to ensure timely, cost effective and economic patient care, often known as shared care, there is a need to increasingly exchange information with healthcare institutions and medical facilities. The kinds of patient record systems that are adopted these days are increasingly dependent upon the data exchange. On the other hand it has been realized that there are many shortcomings associated with paper based documents that have been also held responsible for a decreased efficiency of healthcare institutions, thereby there is an increased adoption of electronic signatures on the documents (Boss, and Kilian, 2008, p. 38). In order to ensure that all heath care operations undergo in a proper, streamlined and a secure manner there is a need to implement the technology of electronic signatures to the field of healthcare. Paper based signatures are time consuming and are less protecting as compared to electronic signatures thereby in the field of healthcare, document authenticity is a critical business operation. There is a set of documents that are in a need to be protected in face of infringements and these documents include patient records, physician diagnosis, order, bills and payments. Thereby based on the set of advantages that have been highlighted in the previous sections healthcare facilities in different countries have started to implement electronic signatures. Recently there are many changes in United States health departments in order to implement electronic signatures based documents. It has been recently reported that regulations have been passed and implemented by the Drug Enforcement Agency in order to implement electronic signatures on medical prescriptions that are of electronic nature in order to ensure that original prescriptions are checked on the counters of pharmacies rather than cooked ones. Another law that has been passed by the Veteran’s Health Administration relates to the consent forms that are signed by the patients. In order to protect these forms, protection is being ensured by the implementation of electronic signatures on these forms. In healthcare administration various standards have been defined that link important records and documents with encrypted signatures. Recently a standard has been defined that helps in an authentication of medical records of the patients, an ASTM standard. In order to electronically sign the radiological images, DICOM standard have been used and are in practice. Most of the documents in medical centers and healthcare institutions are related to signatures, including signatures from families, patients and physicians. Thereby after the creation of these documents it is important that these documents are protected and sealed by the help of electronic signatures. Successes of document security solution lies in the fact of creating documents that are electronically signed thereby are digitally protected. These protection measures have also been considered important in the case of offline and online business, e-commerce (Adams, and Lloyd, 2003, p. 24). Conclusion Internationally accepted standards have been defined that can help in securing the documents in a better manner. In case of healthcare it has been seen that there is an increased dependency on a long term archiving of patient records as soon as these are created and passed on to the other facilities. International standards have been used to define the signatures in accordance to the advantages that they ensure, as DICOM, XML, and HL7. In addition to this it has been argued that there is an increased integration of PKIs in healthcare services as these are designed in accordance to the legislations that have been designed in order to ensure document protection. References Adams, C. , and Lloyd, S. (2003). Understanding PKI: concepts, standards, and deployment; considerations, Technology series. Edition 2. Addison-Wesley. Boss, H. A. , and Kilian, W. (2008). The United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts. Kluwer Law International. Brazell, L. (2004). Electronic signatures law and regulation. Sweet Maxwell. Doukidis, I. G. , Mylonopoulos, N. , and Pouloudi, N. (2004). Social and economic transformation in the digital era. Idea Group Inc (IGI). Katsikas, K. S. , Lopez, J. ,and Pernul, G. (2005). Trust, privacy, and security in digital business: second international conference, TrustBus 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 22-26, 2005:proceedings, Lecture notes in computer science, Springer eBook collection. Birkhauser. Kehal, S. H. , and Singh, P. V. (2005). Digital economy: impacts, influences, and challenges. Idea Group Inc (IGI). Mann, L. C. , Eckert, E. S. , and Knight, C. S. (2000). Global electronic commerce: a policy primer. Peterson Institute. Pathak. (2007). Legal Aspects Of Business. Edition 3. Tata McGraw-Hill. Rice, R. P. , and American Bar Association. Section of Litigation. (2005). Electronic evidence: law and practice. American Bar Association. Schellekens, M. (2004). Electronic signatures: authentication technology fro

Window Dressing Of Financial Account Is Fraudulent Accounting Essay

Window Dressing Of Financial Account Is Fraudulent Accounting Essay According to Wikipedia Online accounting is the art of communicating financial information about a business entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The Law of commerce states that business organisation must objectively record the accounts of the business organisation. These laws also state accounts must be clear and represent a fair and true record of the financial affairs of a business; these laws also put in place regulations on distinct ways in which a business organisation can present their accounts. Corporate management have some discretion in influencing the occurrence, measurement and reporting of these items .In contrast legal means can be adopted by business organisations in order to manipulate their accounts as to paint a different financial picture.  Ã‚  This can simply be referred as window dressing.   According to Your Dictionary window dressing is an adjustment made to a portfolio or financial statement to create a more positive appearance than is actually the case. For example, a manager may decide to provide window dressing to a portfolio by selling stock that has declined in value and replacing it with stock that has increased in value. By doing this the manager creates the impression of a successful portfolio management. In short, WD is a financial statement manipulation or window dressing where frauds are camouflaged by overstating the income or understating the expenses or understating liabilities and overstating assets. Tutor2u see window dressing as a form of accounting involving the manipulation of figures to flatter the financial the financial position of the business. The focus of window dressing: Liquidity hiding a deteriorating liquidity position Profitability massaging profit figures The Importance of Window Dressing To get praise from share holders and potential share holders the account book must be properly percentaed and make good to the general public as observed in the case A.B.B (Asia, Bovia and Brown) Incorporated US this construction firm along side with enron presented to the general public for ten years a positive account balance even though they were in red and their shares and stock were the toast of the US before the bubble. Similarly, window dressing is important to enable the firm to raise present and future capital from the stock market given their positive account balance as in the case of Intercontential bank and oceanic bank respectively in Nigeria who were rated AA+ by international credit rating companies where as they were in the woods. Window dressing is similar to asymmetric information in which a party has better information than the other. To sell a hailing company it must be window dressed otherwise no prospective buyer will come. Also to avoid tax payment a firm may present a poor financial return or position to the general public to technically evade payments of tax. This is achieved by distotinting the balance sheet of the firm. Advantages of Window Dressing The advantages of window dressing is similar to the importance of window dressing in the sense that the firm is able to achieve what its aiming to achieve without running fowl of the law. The penalty for window dressing is mild except where it is not properly done as in the case of Enron where the owner was jailed for more than 36 years even though Enron has achieved what it wanted to achieve. Furthermore it cost less to window dress than taking a loan for business expansion simply because it involves with internal running of the firm. Disadvantages of Window Dressing Examples of window dressing in Indian Companies: 1. Tata Motors transferred 24% stake in Tata Automotive Components (TACO), a company with revenue of $675 in FY07, to Tata Capital, a group company, and booked a profit of Rs 110 crore in Q1 FY09. Management declined to disclose the valuation methodology. Tata Motors also changed its methodology for calculating provisions for doubtful receivables, which resulted in higher reported Ebitda to the extent of Rs 50.7 crore (10% of Ebitda). 2. TCS, the software major, increased its depreciation policy on computers from two years to four years. As a result, Q1 FY09 PBT was higher by an estimated Rs 50 crore (4% of net profit in 1QFY09). TCS followed cash-flow hedge accounting and till FY08, it used to recognise hedging gains on effective hedges in its revenue line, thus boosting the reported revenue growth and Ebit margin. In FY08, TCS had Rs 421crore from hedging gains, of which, Rs 137 crore was included in the revenue line. However, from Q1 FY09, TCS is expected to report all forex losses/gains below the Ebit line in other income. Thus, the losses it had on its hedge position will no longer be booked in the operating line. 3. Jet Airways, changed its depreciation policy from WDV to SLM, and thereby wrote back Rs 920 crore into its PL, which helped the company to report profits during the quarter. It also helped Jet to report a higher net worth, which will help in keeping reported gearing low. 4. Dr Reddys adjusted mark to market losses (Q1 FY08) on outstanding $250 million of hedges in the balance sheet, while PL reflects forex gains realised. 5. Reliance Communications adjusted short-term quarterly fluctuations in foreign exchange rates related to liabilities and borrowings to the carrying cost of fixed assets. The company adjusted Rs 109 crore of realised and Rs 955 crore of unrealised forex losses in the above manner. In addition, the company has not recognised Rs 399 crore of translation losses on FCCBs, since the FCCBs can potentially get converted, although the FCCBs are out of money. Adjusted for all the above, the company would have virtually no profits in Q1 FY09. Bibliography and Reference Stimpson P. (2002), AS and A level Business Studies. Cambridge University press Dave.H, Jones.R .C, Andertain. A, (1993) Business Studies (fourth edition). Pearson Education Edinburgh .

The Reality of Political Realism Essay -- What is Politics?

When discussing whether or not a nation-state should enter a war and when to do so, three beliefs on foreign policy and war exist. The three different diplomatic stances are that of pacifism, just war theory, and political realism. Political realism, or realpolitik as it is often referred to, is the belief war should only occur when it is in the national interest of the particular nation-state. Henry Kissinger, a political realist, in his book Diplomacy argues that realism is the only logical answer. Just war theorists, along with pacifists, on the other hand oppose these arguments and therefore critique of this form of diplomatic action. To construct a valid understanding of the realist perspective the arguments Kissinger puts forth in his book Diplomacy will be examined, and then a critique of those arguments will be offered through a just war theorist perspective. Policy differences between Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt lead to different actions and desires. These differences were substantial, and so were their different views on foreign policy. Roosevelt became a president more determined to lead the United States (US) by its national interests. Roosevelt was the first president to insist it was America's duty to make its influence felt globally. Although, Roosevelt only intended to relate the US to the rest of the world through the US's national interests. Roosevelt envisioned the US as a power like no other and felt obligated to draw on its strengths to prevail against other countries as necessary if their interests collided. Whether those strengths be that of embargo, diplomatic actions, or hostile confrontation, Roosevelt believed if it was in the nation's interest to attain this particular goal then so be it. I... ...on-states that held the same religious beliefs. Europe maintained peace through a balance of power from the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. This balance of power was enacted following the conclusion of the thirty years war. For as perfect as realpolitik is the reoccurring problem of it is the fact you cannot separate humans from morality. Inevitably making political realism impossible as a form of diplomacy that could be widely accepted. To support the United States in an occupation against Canada because it would widely help American economics, offer resources, etc. would evidently be the right thing to do according to realpolitik. Yet, moralistic Americans view Canadians as their allies and neighbors. There is no just reason to wage war with Canada. A just reason based on morals will be more widely supported than that of just national interests.

Sutton&Anderson Pastoralism Summary :: essays research papers

Sutton Anderson Chapter 8 Pastoralism is the form of agriculture where the domestication and use of animals are used for the primary means of food production. There is a relationship among the animals and humans. The humans give the animals’ protection and guaranteed reproduction. Animals give humans food and other products. Most pastoral groups are loose tribes moving around, yet the household is the primary organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Three types of pastoralism exist, (1) nomadic (groups are very mobile and rely heavily on their animals), (2) semi-nomadic (groups are less mobile and animal products are supplemented by horticulture), and (3) semi-sedentary, (groups that are not very mobile and horticulture is a major aspect to the way of life). Herdsman husbandry and sedentary animal husbandry are components of larger agricultural systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herbivores are used in pastoralism; animals include reindeer, horses, sheep, camels, cattle, and others. The origin of pastoralism is unknown; however it is believed that it arose from an agricultural system. The animals live in pastures and feed there. Grazers primarily eat grasses and low-growing plants. Browsers eat primarily foliage from bushes and trees. This makes it possible to have different species on the same pasture (habitat) while occupying different niches. Careful management of the pastures is essential for the group’s survival. Animal products include meat, blood, milk, hides, hair, wool, and dung. Most groups supplement these products with horticulture, trade and wild resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unmanaged or poorly managed use of pastures can led to damage of ecosystems. The current practice of changing forest into pasture lands is causing considerable damage. The Maasai of East Africa provide us with an example of properly managed pastures. The Maasai burn brush to create pasture land, when the herd must be moved so that the pasture can regain its strength, other animals such as deer and small wild pigs enter the fallow fields, thus creating another resource of food for them. The governments of Kenya and Tanzania took about 75% of the Maasai lands to use for tourism. The land soon began to grow over and the brush took over. The large game that the government was counting on to create revenue from the tourists began to leave to find more suitable land. The governments are slowly giving the Maasai people their land back in hope that their properly managed pastures can bring the large game back.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Navajo of the American Southwest are an example of semi sedentary pastoralists.

Affirmative Action in California: Has It Outlived Its Purpose? Essay

Affirmative Action In California: Has It Outlived Its Purpose? INTRODUCTION In the past, most California public agencies believed that affirmative action was an effective tool in the fight to correct discrimination. The main intent of affirmative action was to protect women, minorities and handicap individuals from discrimination (Hill, 1998,1). Affirmative action has been used in areas such as public employment, education and contracts. But today, some public agencies are questioning the meaning of affirmative action. The opponents of affirmative action believe that it encourages preferential hiring practices and reverse discrimination. They have also taken a strong stance towards the elimination of affirmative action through the California Civil Rights Initiative – Proposition 209 (http://www.ca.gov.). The supporters of affirmative action, however, still maintain that it is needed to prevent artificial barriers in the treatment of workers and hiring and admission practices (http://www.co.la.ca.us.). Even though Proposition 209 was passed by Californ ia voters, this has not discouraged professional organizations such as Americans United for Affirmative Action (http://www.auaa.org) and the American Association for Affirmative Action (http://www.affirmativeaction.org) who are still committed to educating the public on the importance of affirmative action. The concept of affirmative action has always been and continues to be a very controversial topic. This paper will focus on the positive and negative viewpoints of affirmative action as well as the future of its existence. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: ORIGIN AND MEANING. The existence of discriminatory behavior against minorities was the leading force in the creation of the ... ...ve action, it has not stopped professional organizations such as the AUAA and the AAAA from informing the public about the past success and importance of affirmative action. It is not clear whether affirmative action will continue to be a part of the fight against discrimination in the United States. It is clear however, that affirmative action will continue to be highly debated issue for many more years. Bibliography Larson, Richard and McDonald, Laughlin (1980). "The Rights of Racial Minorities" Affirmative action. Avon Books: 82-89. Goldman, Alan (1977). (Affirmative action." In Marshall Cohen, ed., Equality and preferential treatment. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 192-209. Hill, John (1998). "County of Los Angeles position on the California Civil Rights Initiative" Memo to the Los Angeles Board of Supervisors, 1-5.

Compare/Contrast: Two Competing Firms Essay

We all know and understand the importance of good marketing, advertising and promotion of a company’s goods or services. Many modern business organizations spend thousands of dollars from their budgets for various advertising campaigns, promotional materials and publicity in order to attract more customers, look trustworthy, and eventually receive more profits. I could experience how this strategy works and how it fails to work in such service sector as tourism, and this report is a summary of my research. This summer my brother and I wanted to take a trip to the West Rim of the Great Canyon, so we decided to use the services of â€Å"Travel Guide†, one of the most known tour agencies in my city, which is continually advertised in local media. Its office was very busy, and we were treated there as usual clients who are not ordering a luxury tour. During the trip we had many little problems, because it included a lot of challenging activities, like rafting or a mule ride. My brother damaged his back, and we had to wait for medical help for several hours. Unfortunately, the trip was not too well-organized and quite disappointing. In December I got a chance to go to Aspen to ski with my friend, who recommended me to use the services of another tour provider, â€Å"Telehaus†. It is a small private agency which works without massive advertising and expands its client database at the expense of own good reputation. We were overwhelmed with the attitude and attention we had received in â€Å"Telehaus†. We were provided with everything needed for the trip, including special maps and â€Å"Tips for safe skiing†. The trip was great, and we had a very competent mountain travel specialist, who really helped us a lot and was always available in case of any trouble. Therefore, the most important difference between these two companies was the quality of their services. During our trip to the Grand Canyon, there was always some disarrangement and scheduling problems, therefore, many times we had to wait here and there. â€Å"Telehaus† had much better organization of the tour and we were very happy with the hotel services, as well as with the entertainment program. That is why I rated â€Å"Travel Guide† services as 45/100 and â€Å"Telehaus† services as 95/100. Another important difference was the quality of their work with the clients, especially during the reception in the agencies. We were just routine customers in the office of â€Å"Travel Guide†, but in â€Å"Telehaus† we felt ourselves special and appreciated. â€Å"Telehaus† employees were more cooperative and professional when helping us to select a hotel, and their work is organized better and more effectively, then the work of â€Å"Travel Guide†. Nevertheless, I have to mention a number of some small differences, which made me give 95/100 to â€Å"Telehaus†. The first one is the variety of the tours they offer. As I could learn from the booklets of â€Å"Travel Guide†, they can arrange a trip to almost every nook of the world including exotic islands, etc. But â€Å"Telehaus† works with a limited number of tour-operators. Besides, â€Å"Telehaus† can offer mostly quite expensive hotels or apartments, which makes their services unavailable for the customers who have low budgets for traveling. Finally, one more principal difference is the approaches of these two companies to their services, related to advertising and marketing. â€Å"Travel Guide† is a well-promoted and well-advertised brand name in the market, which has great professional connections, considerable number of clients and good profits. However, â€Å"Telehaus† does not spend its resources on advertising, but tries to attract new customers with the help of good reputation, high-quality services and competence of the employees. What I have learnt from my experience is that excessive advertising is not everything. In order to make a company successful, it is absolutely necessary to combine a number of various effective strategies helping to boost the business and maximize the incomes. Those strategies must include well-planned marketing and advertising campaigns, proper organization of the work, selection of qualified, skilled and responsible employees, working on some innovative ideas, and many others.

Environmental Concerns In India Environmental Sciences Essay

The brilliance of surround has been recognized in India since long. This is alike(p)ly reflected in our fundamental rectitude where in it is verbalize that it sh solely be the function of whole(prenominal) citizen to value and split the born(p) milieu including woodwind, lakes, rivers, red conduct and to pay compassion for all(a) life history animals. Harmonizing to national constitution of teaching, thither is a paramount film to piss a soul of milieu it m out of dateiness pervade all ages and all subdivisions of the troupe, make up mastereding with the kid, surroundingsal consciousness sh experient m personaltain teaching in schools and colleges. This expectation be integrated in full educational execution .2. Electrical design in India has percolated to all panoramas of tuition including direct, secondary and triplet instruction through and through formal and cosy frames of instruction. It has the look into population that allow pupi ls, instructors, physicians, employ scientists and even common throng.3. in India thither is a broad web of EE. in that respect ar 10 universities which teach environmental scientific discip contr all all oversys. University instruction has tierce major(ip)(ip) constituents, viz. instruction, research and extension. A miscellanea of attacks study been used for EE which include legislative attempts, demarcation of study establish attack that goes with formal system and sluttish attacks through out fieldtonments, seminars and batch media.Role Of Media In Creating environmental Aw atomic number 18ness4. Mass media with its wind and influential condenser extremely thinkable instrument for educating the crowd and in that localization of functionby bowdlerize the pack s mentality. The 4th sancti stard shoot of benevolent existences onlyly performs these three of import maps information, instruction and persuasion. Armed with its entirely agency to make an countless count on of audiences at the comparable instant dart editing across geographical barriers in that location is no separate system kindred it which quarter achieverfully perforate the pasture al-Qaida stage of society.5. Media Literacy. Mass media has the power to transform the lives of pot by authorising them in so many diverse substances. culture and cognition from a assortment of beginnings fail towards this terminal. And it should diddle this function to the optimum. This farther entails media instruction on a good-looking gradational table which needs to turn to aspect like- how to at a lower placestand the strength, appreciate it, its strengths and failings, who controls it what is the doctrine, policy of the modal(a), how to filter better from bad, how to consume air division in the media and so on This is be endeavor the charter for overmasterstairsstanding the moderate has neer been so of import. In much(prenominal)(prenominal) a scenario it nobbles the function of a gravid Jesus as it ask home the bacons a com vester programme for potentiometer instruction, amusement and on that pointby persuasion. In fact it can as well be termed as an informal university for any society for its function in steering messages of brilliance to the multitudes.6. The Big Challenge. Now the close of import inquiry is how to turn to such(prenominal)(prenominal) a bounteous population for qualification environmental consciousness amongst them. This is where the reality-service corporation of the peck media gos in sterilise to hand for the large challenge. Bing a mass communicating academic and with experiences in im gull every bit good as electronic media ( radio countersign Services to be precise ) we would wish to restrict ourselves at bottom the parametric quantities of mass media instead than traveling into the proficient indoors informations of the subject chthonic treatment.7. Media Concern round the coiffe. Now, ask we perplexn any pro launch and practical stairss for using such a extremely possible vehicle with its constitutive(a) ability to make the multitudes with messages of environmental consciousness in a convenient mode. The resolution go out be negative. Of signifier, whatsoever attempts ar patch updly at that place except they argon b atomic number 18ly sufficient in position of the outrageousness of the employment.8. In print media most of the juvenilespapers, diaries or magazines b arly invest any serous through towards this vista and whatever is there is given in an inexpert direction. elevate as manywhat half of the population is illiterate the print media has its ain labour. Again, like overseas telegram Television, print media in our secernate is process day of the month to a greater extent of an urban and semi urban phenomenon instead than contri ande a rural 1. This explains the some other restriction of the medium as an effectual mass medium.9. radio rope The Right Vehicle. and the medium on which we can bank upon for fashioning environmental consciousness at right away is Radio. This true mass medium treat by people to a large extent has an huge durability to play the function of macrocosm a flatulency in efficaciously making environmental consciousness among the people. Let us dismember the ways and means how this can be possible. A really important new-fashi onenessd study in the Indian Radio has been the displacement towards using the immense hightail it of Community Radio ( CR ) . The apprehension is to make the multitudes and consequence a decided accommodation in their batch impel unfastened by this new phenomenon.10. The CR shit is close to making some social function for its ain benefit by the community . Owning every bit good as bossy its ain agencies of mass communicating is a post-mortem factor in this procedure. The purposes and aims of the CR channels include saving of th eir refinement and linguistic communications, make such communicating working(a) to the members of the community and the people coveted to be moved(p) by it, depute promotion or consciousness making leechs for the benefit of the community and the populace at larger. So, what else can be a more utile dent the CR make out for accomplishing our drift.11. By the way, the aim of the magnetic north Ministry of instruction and Broad browseing ( MIB ) is to promote front line establishment of high instruction in different Fieldss for perplex downing such channels and take up the cause of promotion of the takeal anesthetic community. They are in gain expected to place and analyse the local subject areas, line of credit and hunt for possible solutions. So, environmental consciousness can be one of the premier dockets for them. As educational establishments are be encouraged by the MIB for puting up such Stationss this would besides function the intent of casting seams ter made message and plans associating to environmental encourageion for the community. Bing an ideal participatory medium this would heighten the consequence besides higher grade. The MIB visualizes publishing licence to about gram such establishments which is a good mark for us.12. FM Phenomenon. The FM manner of Radio transmittal is way out in the matter today. It is a much preferred medium by the multitudes overdue to its better articulation note and stereo like answer Get downing with a a couple of(prenominal)erer station in 1993 by leting snobby FM station, late the MIB floated for auctioning 336 FM Stationss al over the state. Out of these, Approximately one C are dress aside for Indira Gandhi interior(a) Open University s ( IGNOU ) Gyan Vani programme and other educational establishments. The Gyan Vaniprogramme is an attempt of IGNOU for spreadingits educational programmes passim the state with a web of about 100 Stationss in the close here later on. We deba te these should be ideal vehicles for winning the messages of environmental venerations to the multitudes in the existent sense of the term.13. Lacunae. We ready talked about using the huge potency of mass media for spread outing the cause of environmental concerns. In this connexion there is an express demand for integrating the issue in the course of study of classs of subject area in Journalism and Mass intercourse in the universities. Like we take hold say earlier, this facet has besides non received the care it should hold been given really, for covering with the dark state of affairs. Of class. Quite a a few(prenominal) universities might be holding specialisations in the national as deal of their classs of mass communicating. exactly most of the other such establishments barely fool anything like that. But we do steadfastly believe that unless this facet is made a parting of the cosmopolitan class course of study, our intent would non be solved at all. This i s a premier necessity for accomplishing entire literacy in the case of environmental consciousness. At the same cultivate it should besides be kept in head that there can be no alternate than utilizing the mass media vehicles for distri only ifing consciousness about environmental issues. This is because this manner of communicating gives us a convenient tool for turn toing the on a handsome graduated table which no other system can give in.Stairss Which Have Been interpreted By The Govt14. Depletion of the ozone bed, the increase species extinction, disposal of unhealthful and nuclear wastes in the vulnerable countries of the planet, the bruise of woodland and of cultivable horseshit at an dis whitethorning rate are a few of the many planetary environmental fitting that will jolt the endurance of the drive home and future coevals As it has been state, we do non get the environment from our sires, we scoop out it from future coevalss. Each person s life today depe nds on the public intromission of many other persons. For illustration, muddiness in welding or in care in a atomic reactor or chemical works could kill 1000s and 100s of 1000 of people non scarce in the works and its locality but even at a immense distance sour from it. Similarly a truck driver or a rail, route applied scientist could do total deceases and environmental devastation through cloudiness while transporting unsafe wastes from chemical workss or a atomic reactor. The opportunity of sober accidents that could pass over our gay, animate being and works life and destruct the environment look at steadily change magnitude. An touch demand for collaborative doing on a planetary class has long been felt.15. In 1972, representatives of 113 valet de chambre authoritiess assembled in Stockholm to take part in the United Nations crowd on Human environment. The Stockholm conference proclaimed that The fosterion and forward motion of merciful environment is a ma jor issue which affect the wellbeing of people and scotchal developing throughout the universe and it is the responsibility of all authorities and people to enjoyment common attempt for the saving and betterment of human environment for the benefit of all people and their descendants .16. spelly states assume hence introduced control mechanisms to discourage and penalize the endeavors go againsting the environment. They make water enacted particular woeful Torahs or amended their penal codifications by making new poisonous Torahs in hallow to prosecute the most rank wrongdoers through the condemnable prosecution system. The Nipponese edict for the penalty of offenses associating to environmental taint was the first such measure. penal codifications of the federal majority rule of Germany German Democratic Republic ( as it so was ) Hungary, Portugal, Spain and Brazil, shortly followed. States that do non lawfully distinguish between regulative offenses and offenses , such as Canada and the United States, have created new ordinances related to to offenses covering with exigent misdemeanor and provided stiff penalty with mulcts and prison sentence to lawbreakers.17. India was the first state to follow out a fundamental law commerce on the State and citizens to protect and better the environment as one of the master(a) responsibilities. bind 48-A of the Indian Constitution provides The res publica shall endeavour to protect and better the environment and to safeguard wood and wildlife of the state. 18. Article 51-A provides It shall be the responsibility of every citizen of Indian to protect and better the instinctive environment including woods lakes, rivers and wildlife and to hold compassion for life animals. 19. indeed the Constitution of Indian has proviso to do environment statute laws, province and the synchronal harks of topics on which fantan and State general assembly are empowered to pass folie control, land betterment, i rrigation, town planning, slum clearance, trapping strategies, pest control, smoke control, piss pollution, woods, wildlife, warp etc. Consequently, Torahs have been enacted on some of the topic,The Factories feign.1948.The Insecticides Act,1968.The Water ( Prevention and Control of taint ) Act, 1974.The air ( Prevention and Control of befoulment ) 1981.The woodland ( Conservation ) Act,1980.The Wildlife ( Protection ) Act, 1972.The Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986.20. environmental Torahs trade with the job of pollution by a eagerness of regulations under civil wrong jurisprudence as nuisance, carelessness and liability. If you are affected by toxicant exhausts coming from a adjacent industrial unit, or if you are invariably two(prenominal)ered by unsufferable noise in the vicinity, or makes your life mineable, interferes with your leisure activities, or makes your life suffering, for case, by citeing things or animate being in this courtyard which give out fallibl e neighbour wage for his violative behavior, under the civil wrong jurisprudence of nuisance. The tribunal, of class will make a power of reconciliation of involvements see the legality or other wise of the action and the commonsensical and unreasonable impingement on the victim before publishing an injunction followed by the award of amendss.21. Under the Indian Penal Code ( IPC ) , which codifies the common jurisprudence construct of carelessness, if person commits an act or swerve which cause to injury anther the first soul is considered guilty of an improper and negligent act. befoulment of piddle of public spring or a public spring reservoir as to render it unfit for human ingestion is made a condemnable offense under Section 277 of the IPC. lax behavior with regard to toxicant substances jeopardizing human life of likely to do hurt is a condemnable offense under subdivision 284. The essence Carbide of Indian could hold been held guilty under this subdivision for do ing the Bhopal gas These and other subdivision under the IPC and the roughshod Procedure Code contain a mental image of commissariats that could be used to unlikeness pollution of land and air.22. roughly of the components of the environment, like land H2O, forest, etc. are under the horizon of the provinces. For a assortment of grounds, primarily the provinces are non normally in a place to take effectual action against pollution, or in advancing environmentally depart direction ar strandments for preservation and victimisation of these imaginativenesss. It has accordingly vex inevitable for the Union regime to step in when the said resource are threatened with serious depletion. The province of H2O pollution and forest resource depletion and pollution of the air in Indian is such that the Union regimen had to originate a serial publication of step to collar the suffering make to these resource 2 commissariats in the Constitution came ready to hand to the Union for this intent. The first commissariats is Article 242 under which the Union is empowered to go through statute law on affairs mentioned in the province list if so requested by two or more provinces. The Union Government utilized the commissariats to go through motley Acts in order to protect the population, present every bit good as the here afterwards coevalss, and the environment from what appears to be dogged move towards suicide.The Environment ( Protection ) Act22. The Environment ( protection ) Act was passed by the Parliament on 23rd May 1986. The Act refers to the Stockholm Conference of 1972 and is based on Article 253 of the Conference. By virtuousness of this Act, the Union Government has armed itself with considerable powers deemed necessary for the bar, control and suspension of environment of environmental pollution The power include, coordination of action by provinces be aftering and executing of countrywide programmes, puting down environmental quality criterio ns specially those regulate emanation or discharge of environmental pollutants, puting restrictionries and the location of industries and so on. The powers claimed are so comprehension of environmental accidents, research recapitulation of fouling units, constitution of research labs, airing of information, etc. A whole set of administrative processs and stuctures are envisaged under the act. If implemented in missive and spirit the act will change over the Ministry of Environment and woodss into a ace ministry commanding the full gamut of industrial and other organic evolutional activities. A horrible attitude in the enforcement of this Act could take nevertheless to environmental window-dressing of Acts passed by the Government.Drawbacks in Environmental Legislation23. Legislation is frequently non perfect. at that place are miscellaneous drawbacks in the Acts enacted in relation to environment. Forest constitute a critical resource of the state. It is a scientifically es tablished fact that the forest cover charges should be at least 1/3 of the land country for a hygienic provinces of environment. Vegetation generates O. Trees hold the dirt unneurotic and in Indian the woods provide countenance to 1000000s of tribal and villagers populating in and rough woods. Experts and the mass media have brought to the attending of the decision-makers and the populace at striking, the fact that the forest screen of the state has been quickly shriveling. Some estimations put the per centum coverage at non more than 12 per cent of the land country. Fuel starving villagers, greedy forest contractors and corrupt functionaries are the proved perpetrators.24. Some clip back, the Government came up with a well logical implication but potentially Draconian Forest Bill. there was virtually uproar against the Bill.-principally on two evidences. One, That the Bill would do felons of all tribal life in and off the woods, because it prohibits the pickings of all the kBs goods, including foliages and fruits from the woods. twain the proposed Bill converted forest ships officer into Judgess and executioners at the same clip. The measure failed to express public congest because it adopted an dictatorial colonial theoretical account of jurisprudence.25. Troubles in Enforcement of Environmental Legislation. Besides holding legislative activity the province of the environment in India continues to be glooming. The rivers and the lakes continue to be clotted with sewerage and industrial waste. The air quality in same major metropoliss has gained the provisionary differentiation of being worse than that of the American metropoliss like Chicago and New York. Forest continue to vanish, and the attendant loss of dirt has led to the flagellum of inundations with disgusting regularity. What can the state do to change by reversal the procedure and reconstruct a balanced province of the environment?26. at that place is nil basically incorrect with o ut-of-court liquidation of environmental differences. In fact, in same highly-developed states like the United States, a penchant is exhibitn towards such a process. But in India, officially initiate and ratified out of tribunal colony may worsen the perennial job of corruptness. sacramental manduction the cost of anti-pollution locomote interpreted by the industry seems to be better scheme than state-sponsored expensive and drawn-out prosecutions.27. The educational establishments should play an of import function in eliciting polite consciousness for suspension of environmental pollution by guaranting that every citizen is knowing fold about the environment to take an gifted involvement in pollution jobs. For this EE should be made an indispensable portion of the course of study in educational system. Research workers should be encouraged and sponsored by the educational establishments and the authorities. Particularly, in the knowledge domain of openhanded breeding, an of import topographic point must be given to the environmental issues. Man himself due to the deficiency of cognition or carelessness creates environmental job. EE should be a portion of grownup instruction to unwrap the planetary job to the populace, and aid to protect his environment. Hence, the present stare was underinterpreted to expire out the extent of cognition have by the rural grownups in environmental facets like air pollution, H2O due to dikes and mines, land pollution, energy crisis, afforestation, pollution environmental sanitation, nutrient issues and environmental statute law and to happen out their attributed demand for educating themselves in the facets associating to environmental issuesChapter VI Consequence OF RECOMMENDED MEASURES ON THE DEVELOPMENT INDEX1. In the old chapters we have seen how over breeding and over ingestion has resulted in debasement of environment which has adversely affected the rate of sparing cultivation. It is observed that fouling the planet has been a utile concern to transnational corporations. Harmonizing to a young WWF study, if we maintain the current decimal point of ingestion, the creation resources will be exhausted within coming 50 old ages. From the undermentioned projections we can hold a just thought sing the emergence of worldwide trade after constitution of the World Trade Organization. The aim is to research the impact of WTO on environment and to happen the roots of the environmental consciousness and its related account statement, scrutinizing and finish countries. in that location is a turning concern that an stintingal developing scheme which seeks to be both inclusive and sustainable should carry mood novelty personal effects in order to pledge that the long term effects of the eco development are non negatively charged to human good being.2. The govt has interpreted versatile stairs and stairss to rid of the losingss to our ingrained resources but they have been found to be unequal. There is ample range for research and development which focuses on the precedences of the Indian economic system. Since instruction is a tool no plan can be a success without taking p moveered stairss in the field of instruction. Though the same has been done by the govt but there is mute a batch to be done every bit far as including EE into the formal construction of our instruction.3. In this chapter we shall see the effects of these stairss on the consuming inwrought resources. As the stairss taken by Indian Govt are at a emergent phase their impacts are besides non much visible, nevertheless universe over has place this job and more outstanding steps are being taken. An accounting system has been made by the UN to cipher assorted things i.e. vivid resource plus muniment etc. During the brave decennary few enchiridions and a package were developed by the UN whichassisted in ciphering the inauspicious affects of a peculiar industry or house on the environme ntal debasement. This is known as green accounting based on which licences are being given to new workss.4. Requirement of Green be and Audit. The Environmental Management System ( EMS ) calls for acceptance of certain mechanism, i.e. , budgeting, investing estimate, bing, duty accounting, public presentation assessment and green coverage. There has been a turning consciousness to include environmental histories with the fiscal statements. Guidelines in different signifiers are given in BS 7750. EMAS and ISO 14000 series of criterions Uniformity is absolutely essential in Environmental Accounting Mechanism that may be followed by every state of this Global Village. It is observed that SEEA can publish the slightly common model both for developing and developed states. It is really badly to maintain path with the outgo for environmental protection activities as the takings procedure or techniques are invariably modify to maintain being in the savage completion of the boundary -less concern universe.5. The Green Accounting has got some definite stairss to travel through which may be arranged as followsFormation of multidisciplinary squad to place range and graduated table of the green accounting. appointment of green costs.Quantification of green costs.Allotment of green costs to the cost centres.Incorporation of green costs on cost accounting system.Execution of green cost auditing system.6. appellation and tracking green costs may non be found as an roaring undertaking to make. Many of its constituents are fraud hidden in overhead costs. So it is really hard to apportion those elements to undivided procedure, merchandise and distribution system. Largely such allotments are done on the bridgehead of premises. In footings of scientific grounds of climate alteration, there is a sensible consensus on the deductions for India. The projected rainfall alterations, rise in temperature, rise in sea spot, inundations and drouths. This is traveling to do drop-off in grad of production, deduction for the coastal support and last but non the least ingestion of a house clasp or an single can fall below some socially recognized norms. All this implies that climate alteration is likely to impact India s economic growing through its impacts on resources, particularly H2O resources, woods and coastal lands. Agricultural end product and origination are likely to be adversely affected and would impact the support of the people populating in vulnerable countries like coastal countries. Resources will necessitate to be invested in battling extra beginnings of exposes originating from specific catastrophe related impacts such as those on wellness and imbibing H2O.7. India has set up a National Council on Climate stir to advice on scheme for economic development that takes into history planetary heating and sustainable development. An inititive named as Green India to change over six million hectares of debauched wood land into green count ries. Stairss have been taken to forestall thaw of the glacier. Another country of concern is Energy Security and the same has been identified by the state. Positive stairss has been taken to prosecute with others on an international degree to turn to this issue.8. India has focused in the last decennary on the economic growing scheme of extenuation and version. Extenuation is considered to be really of import for sustainable development as it tries to cut down the incubus on natural resources by taking stairss like preservation, re-afforestation and energy expertness. This besides focuses on cut downing the GHGs emanations. adaption on the other manus, implies steps and policy responses to cut down the possible impacts caused by clime alteration. translation schemes are besides called as header schemes. Increasingly, impact assessment research for clime alteration has become orientated towards exposure appraisal, with a corresponding emphasis on version schemes in the underdevel oped universe.9. The statistical information shows a changeless diminution in clownish production in last few decennaries but due to self credit as a state and after taking some initial stairss the records show an addition in agricultural production in the last decennary i.e. from 2001 2011 as compared to the old decennary. even so the wellness section has been confronting extra emphasis due to lifting temperatures and altered H2O accessibility which had deductions on the wellness position of the people. Another of import thing which has impact the growing of the state is interstate animuss on sharing of resources both pecuniary and physical such as H2O. It has resulted in switching the focal point of the govt from development to resolution of the internal certification jobs then blowing the energies and resources.10. Impact On India s zygomorphic Relations With Neighbouring Countries. The clime crisis in south-central Asia, a preponderantly agro cultural part with a big population medicate-addicted on subsistence agribusiness has created profound challenges. The impact of clime alteration on H2O resources and nutrient bring forthing capableness is on an addition and it in bend affects the support and economic activities. Another of import set of societal impacts ensuing from clime alteration in south Asia is the supplanting of big figure of people to inland districts as a effect of rise in sea degree.( a ) Bangldesh. India and Bangladesh portion the monthlong land boundary in south Asia. Given the societal, political and economic conditions in Bangladesh, it would non be hard to reason that migration to India is tall(a) to diminish then ensuing in an existent addition in population. hitherto there is no information available to back up the fact as to how many migrators are due to climate alteration but there is no denying the fact that this alone is a major cause of such a big graduated table migration. Another job which has non been ad dressed by the stairss taken by Indian govt is that of trans boundary rivers. A survey carried out this topic shows no effects on these jobs by the stairss taken by the govt.( B ) Mayanmar. With an addition in natural catastrophes and the impact of clime alteration, the figure of migrators from Myanmar into India has increased several-fold then doing extra jobs of security department and medicine trafficking.( degree Celsius ) Pakistan. The major concern for Pakistan is the exquisite deficit of H2O and that has remained an issue of difference over last many old ages and has non got resolved by any steps taken by the govt.( vitamin D ) Most of the neighbouring states either island provinces or land locked provinces have been a cause of illegal migration and then consequences in jobs like internal security, drug trafficking and an addition in population which is symbiotic on our state for its endurance.11. Impact On Warfighting Capability. With the deficiency of consciousness ab out the topic and due to that depletion of natural resources clime alteration has posed a serious menace on the war contending capableness of the state. With the meltdown of glaciers i.e. of Himalayas and Siachin jobs like break of communicating, brassy inundations, decrease in the figure of house and degree dropping zones/ helipads and thaw of heavy machine gun platforms asking frequent redisposition. This has impacted at all three degrees i.e. strategic, operational and tactical.( a ) Strategic Level. We need to pass judgment the candidacy season.( B ) Operational Level. change magnitude temperatures cause rapid meltdown of glaciers, addition in H2O demand both for work forces and machines and increased wear and crosscurrent of the equipment.( degree Celsius ) Tactical Level. At the tactical degree jobs like mobility, survivability, wellness, fire safeguards and deception would happen due to climate alteration and then asking more resources to offer the forces either logis tically or in combat.12. We have seen in this chapter that how the depletion of natural resources are going a hinderance in the way of economic development and more earnestly are a national security concern. However the same has non been able to acquire similar sort of attending by the govt and therefore the stairss taken by the govt have been found to be unequal and there is an pressing demand to take some grave actions both by the govt and the people to decide this issue. At the same clip non handsome equal splendor to EE is macroscopic in the awareness degree of the people on the topic and therefore the express mail sense of duty as citizens of the state.Chapter septet Recommendation AND CONCLUSION1. We have seen in old chapters that absence of EE rear in the formal instruction foundation is doing manyfold amendss i.e.( a ) Lack of consciousness of the topic amongst the people of the state.( B ) Depletion of natural resources.( degree Celsius ) Adversely impacting the rate of economic growing index of the state.( vitamin E ) Affecting the dealingss with neighbouring states.( degree Fahrenheit(postnominal) ) Becoming national security concern.2. Many stairss have been taken taken by the govt over last one decennary but few are in the nascent phase, few have died their ain decease and few have non been able to take off from the beginning. There are really few steps like GO spirt and GREEN INDIA but they are found to be unequal. The basic job lies amongst the people that there is no Sense Of Responsibility and the primary cause is that there is no importance being given to EE by the govt. There are few universities and schools which have started with the classs on this topic but still it is happening its topographic point in the formal instruction substructure.3. Along with presenting EE there are a big figure of stairss which are requisite to be taken at the degree of govt. These stairss if non taken at the same time and immediately would d o the growing index to come below 8 % as depletion of natural resources and clime alteration would do natural catastrophes more often. This indirectly would do a immense punishment on the govt. in footings of resources i.e. money and equipment which could otherwise hold been channelized towards the economic development of the state.4. Stairss Required To Be taken By The Govt.( a ) Formal fosterage System. It is required to present the topic of EE as portion of school course of study and do it a required topic. The inauspicious affects of clime alteration on the growing index and national security are required to be taught to the kids at the really get downing. There after there is a demand to guarantee that kids feel prudent and they take the needed steps for forestalling the clime alteration. This manner the whole coevals would hold responsible citizens and would be able to back up the stairss taken by the govt.( B ) be given Towards Low Carbon Growth Path. Surveies specify t hat climate sensitiveness of agribusiness is change magnitude over clip. Thereis a demand to switch or travel to a low C growing way as per the planetary economic order. The govt. should be able to measure the harm being caused to a sector like agribusiness due to climate alteration and therefore do policies to provide for this.( degree Celsius ) Adaptation Strategies. Adaptation schemes which are relevant in this context include enlargement of insurance policy screen to include climate hazards such as implosion therapy, cropping alterations and substructure. The economic rating of amendss and costs of policies to turn to clime concerns is an of import stimulus for planing schemes for readiness for catastrophes, insurance strategies, be aftering for wellness, H2O and other infrastructural installations. Siting of industries, planning of substructure and location of wellness installations should let for hazards emanating from future clime alteration impacts. This would help the go vt. and people to be better prepared for natural catastrophes and therefore would alleviate govt. of the emphasis ( monetory ) to rehabilitate people in instance of a natural catastrophe.( vitamin D ) Improving Energy Efficiency. In a globalizing universe, with sustainable development as a nucleus end for the Indian economic system, schemes for bettering energy efficiency are a must. Improvements in energy efficiency are dependent on the handiness of advanced engineerings that improve energy efficiency. The root causes for increasing emanations prevarication in fogey force out burning. Agriculture contributes less to GHGs. In India the highest emanation of CO2 is from thermic electricity, chiefly because of its dependance on coal. The acceptance of fairish coal engineering is the option that is required to be considered. International support is required in turn toing how best the developed universe ( G8 ) can assist in acceptance of such engineering.( vitamin E ) Education As A Core. All the stairss mentioned in a higher place are non possible with a sound backup of surveies and analysis carried out on the topic. These analysis can merely be carried out by the alumnuss of EE therefore once more we realize the importance of formal debut of the topic.( degree Fahrenheit ) Misc Steps. There are a figure of stairss which can be taken to maintain a cheque on the leaning of over development by the people.( I ) Additional Stamp Duty On diesel motor Cars. Govt. should set extra cast responsibility on enrollment of Diesel autos and should advance sale of vehicles with eco chummy fuel i.e. CNG.( two ) One Family One Car. Govt. should set a prohibition on barter for of more than one auto by one household to advance the employment of public conveyance which in most of the tube metropoliss is trackning on eco friendly fuel.Decision5. No programme can be success without instruction as instruction is what makes people cognizant of the demand for any activity and ca n bring forth much needed support for that activity. EE has been in trend since homo being holding been interacting with the universe some them and learning their kids to make the same. There are historical grounds for EE. People get basic environmental maps in order to turn nutrient, find H2O and protect themselves from the clime. We still need the cognition of environment to determine our scientific discipline and engineering and to perpetuate the modern universe. Almost all major natural resources of the universe in sombre danger of irreparable harm the lone hope of salving this sedate state of affairs is by doing the unripened aware that they need to proactively get down to protect the environment they will inherit which can merely be done by EE.6. Environmental instruction develops a basic cognition and apprehension of environmental procedures and the cause consequence of environmental jobs. accordingly environmental instruction is the key to sustainable development. sustai nable development is the development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands. sustainable development is a form of resource usage that aims to run into human demands while continuing the environment so that these demands can be met non merely in the present, but in the questionable hereafter. Sustainability is a procedure which tells of a development of all facets of human life impacting nutriment. Sustainable development ties together concern for the transporting susceptibility of natural systems with the societal challenges confronting humanity Sustainable development focuses on improvizing the quality of life for the Earth s full citizen without increasing the usage of natural resources beyond the capacity of the environment to provide them indefinitely.7. It requires an understanding and awareness among people for environmental jobs and preservation techniques. It has by and large been accepted tha t accomplishing sustainable development will necessitate reconciliation environmental, social, and economic considerations in the chase of development and an better quality of life. Therefore the research is think in the favor of the hypothesis i.e. non giving equal importance to EE a phase has reached that it has started impacting the growing index adversely and as a state we are non prepared to confront the harm which may be caused due to climate alteration. Further deficiency of EE is ensuing in deficiency of consciousness on portion of the govt. every bit good as people of the state..